[Django] Shortcuts + Decorators: render, redirect, get_object_or_404

django shortcuts, render, redirect, get_object_or_404, get_list_or_404, require_http_methods, login_required, permission_required

정의

Django 의 View 작성을 간결하게 하는 shortcut 함수들 + view 에 공통 기능을 붙이는 decorator 들.

Shortcuts (django.shortcuts)

render(request, template, context, status=200)

가장 흔한 view helper.

from django.shortcuts import render

def article_detail(request, pk):
    article = Article.objects.get(pk=pk)
    return render(request, 'articles/detail.html', {
        'article': article,
        'related': article.related.all()[:5],
    })

= HttpResponse(template.render(context, request)) 의 축약.

redirect(to, *args, **kwargs)

리다이렉트 응답 생성:

from django.shortcuts import redirect

# URL 이름
return redirect('article_detail', pk=42)

# URL 문자열
return redirect('/articles/42/')

# 외부 URL
return redirect('https://external.com/')

# 모델 인스턴스 (get_absolute_url 사용)
article = Article.objects.get(pk=42)
return redirect(article)   # → article.get_absolute_url()

Permanent redirect (301):

return redirect('new_url', permanent=True)

get_object_or_404(model, **kwargs)

없으면 404:

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404

def article_detail(request, pk):
    article = get_object_or_404(Article, pk=pk, published=True)
    # 여러 조건 가능
    return render(request, 'detail.html', {'article': article})

= try: Article.objects.get(pk=pk) except Article.DoesNotExist: raise Http404.

get_list_or_404(model, **kwargs)

빈 결과 시 404:

def articles_by_tag(request, tag):
    articles = get_list_or_404(Article, tags__name=tag, published=True)
    return render(request, 'list.html', {'articles': articles})

Decorators (django.views.decorators)

@require_http_methods / @require_POST / @require_GET

from django.views.decorators.http import require_http_methods, require_POST

@require_http_methods(['GET', 'POST'])
def article_form(request, pk=None):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        ...
    else:
        ...

@require_POST
def delete_article(request, pk):
    Article.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
    return redirect('article_list')

허용 안 된 method = 405 Method Not Allowed 자동 응답.

@login_required

from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required

@login_required
def profile(request):
    return render(request, 'profile.html', {'user': request.user})

@login_required(login_url='/signin/', redirect_field_name='next')
def dashboard(request): ...

미인증 시 LOGIN_URL (기본 /accounts/login/) 로 리다이렉트 + ?next=/dashboard/ 자동 첨부.

@permission_required

from django.contrib.auth.decorators import permission_required

@permission_required('polls.can_vote', raise_exception=True)
def vote(request, question_id): ...

raise_exception=True = 403 Forbidden.

@user_passes_test

from django.contrib.auth.decorators import user_passes_test

@user_passes_test(lambda u: u.is_staff)
def staff_only(request): ...

def is_over_18(user):
    return user.is_authenticated and user.profile.age >= 18

@user_passes_test(is_over_18, login_url='/login/')
def adult_content(request): ...

@cache_page, @cache_control

from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page, cache_control

@cache_page(60 * 15)   # 15분 캐시
def articles(request): ...

@cache_control(max_age=3600, public=True)
def static_ish(request): ...

자세한 건 django-cache.

@csrf_exempt

from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt

@csrf_exempt
def webhook(request):
    # 외부 서비스 웹훅 (CSRF token 없음)
    ...

@method_decorator (Class-Based View)

from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
from django.views.generic import ListView

@method_decorator(login_required, name='dispatch')
class ArticleListView(ListView):
    model = Article

# 또는 개별 method
class MyView(View):
    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*15))
    def get(self, request): ...

Class-Based View 대안 (Mixin)

from django.contrib.auth.mixins import LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin

class ProfileView(LoginRequiredMixin, DetailView):
    model = User
    login_url = '/signin/'

class StaffView(LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin, ListView):
    permission_required = 'polls.can_vote'
    raise_exception = True

자세한 mixin 은 django-mixins.

Custom Decorator

from functools import wraps

def track_time(view_func):
    @wraps(view_func)
    def wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs):
        import time
        start = time.time()
        response = view_func(request, *args, **kwargs)
        elapsed = time.time() - start
        response['X-Response-Time'] = f'{elapsed:.3f}'
        logger.info(f'{request.path} took {elapsed:.3f}s')
        return response
    return wrapper

@track_time
def slow_view(request): ...

다른 프레임워크

Framework	shortcuts / decorators
Django	render, redirect, get_object_or_404, @login_required
Rails	render, redirect_to, before_action
Spring	ResponseEntity, @PreAuthorize
FastAPI	Depends, Response
Express	middleware chain

흔한 함정

관련 위키

• django-views
• django-mixins
• django-auth
• django-cache
• django-security