[DRF] Views: APIView, GenericViews, Mixins, FBV

APIView, @api_view, ListAPIView, RetrieveAPIView, GenericAPIView, DRF mixins

정의

DRF View 4가지 스타일. 자유도 vs 자동화 트레이드오프.

4가지 스타일

flowchart TD
    Q{복잡도}
    Q -->|"완전 자유"| FBV["@api_view (FBV)"]
    Q -->|"OO + 자유"| APIView["APIView"]
    Q -->|"CRUD 반복"| Gen["Generic Views"]
    Q -->|"완전 자동"| VS["ViewSet"]

스타일	코드량	자유도
@api_view	유사 Django FBV	최고
APIView	CBV	높음
Generic Views	몇 줄	중간
ViewSet	1줄	낮음 (custom action 으로 확장)

ViewSet 은 django-drf-viewset 참고.

1. FBV (@api_view)

from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import status

@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])
def user_list(request):
    if request.method == 'GET':
        users = User.objects.all()
        serializer = UserSerializer(users, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    elif request.method == 'POST':
        serializer = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

Decorator 조합

from rest_framework.decorators import (
    api_view,
    authentication_classes,
    permission_classes,
    throttle_classes,
    renderer_classes,
    parser_classes,
)

@api_view(['GET'])
@authentication_classes([TokenAuthentication])
@permission_classes([IsAuthenticated])
@throttle_classes([UserRateThrottle])
def my_view(request): ...

2. APIView (CBV)

from rest_framework.views import APIView

class UserList(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [SessionAuthentication, TokenAuthentication]
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
    throttle_classes = [UserRateThrottle]

    def get(self, request):
        users = User.objects.all()
        return Response(UserSerializer(users, many=True).data)

    def post(self, request):
        serializer = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        serializer.save()
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)

APIView = Django View + DRF 기능 (인증, 권한, throttle, negotiation).

3. Generic Views

Django CBV 의 DRF 버전. CRUD 자동.

from rest_framework import generics

class UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]

class UserDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]

Generic View 종류

Class	메서드	의미
ListAPIView	GET	목록
CreateAPIView	POST	생성
RetrieveAPIView	GET (id)	상세
UpdateAPIView	PUT/PATCH	갱신
DestroyAPIView	DELETE	삭제
ListCreateAPIView	GET + POST	목록 + 생성
RetrieveUpdateAPIView	GET + PUT/PATCH	상세 + 갱신
RetrieveDestroyAPIView	GET + DELETE	상세 + 삭제
RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView	GET + PUT + PATCH + DELETE	전체

Mixin 조합

Generic Views 는 Mixin + GenericAPIView 조합:

from rest_framework import mixins, generics

class UserList(
    mixins.ListModelMixin,
    mixins.CreateModelMixin,
    generics.GenericAPIView,
):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)

Mixin 종류:

Mixin	메서드
ListModelMixin	list(request)
CreateModelMixin	create(request)
RetrieveModelMixin	retrieve(request)
UpdateModelMixin	update(request), partial_update(request)
DestroyModelMixin	destroy(request)

Override 지점

class ArticleList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    serializer_class = ArticleSerializer

    def get_queryset(self):
        """user 별 필터"""
        return Article.objects.filter(author=self.request.user)

    def perform_create(self, serializer):
        """저장 전 커스터마이즈"""
        serializer.save(author=self.request.user)

    def get_serializer_class(self):
        """action 별 다른 serializer"""
        if self.request.method == 'POST':
            return ArticleCreateSerializer
        return ArticleSerializer

    def get_serializer_context(self):
        """context 추가"""
        ctx = super().get_serializer_context()
        ctx['extra'] = 'value'
        return ctx

URL 등록

# urls.py
from django.urls import path

urlpatterns = [
    path('users/', UserList.as_view()),
    path('users/<int:pk>/', UserDetail.as_view()),
]

Class-based view 는 as_view() 필수.

get_object (lookup)

class UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

    lookup_field = 'username'       # 기본 'pk'
    lookup_url_kwarg = 'username'   # URL 의 인자 이름

# urls.py
path('users/<str:username>/', UserDetail.as_view())

Filter + Pagination

Generic Views 는 DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS 와 FILTER_BACKENDS 자동 적용:

class UserList(generics.ListAPIView):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    filter_backends = [DjangoFilterBackend, filters.SearchFilter]
    filterset_fields = ['is_staff', 'is_active']
    search_fields = ['username', 'email']
    pagination_class = LimitOffsetPagination

자세한 건 drf-filtering, drf-pagination-throttling.

언제 무엇을?

flowchart TD
    Q{시나리오}
    Q -->|1개 endpoint 특수 로직| FBV["@api_view"]
    Q -->|공유 로직 있는 여러 endpoint| APIView
    Q -->|표준 CRUD, 소량 override| Gen["Generic Views"]
    Q -->|CRUD 완전 자동| VS["ViewSet"]

사용	권장
Function 하나 (예: webhook)	@api_view
상속으로 공통 로직	APIView
표준 CRUD	Generic Views
리소스 완전 자동화	ViewSet

다른 프레임워크 비교

Framework	List/Detail 자동
DRF	ListAPIView, RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
Spring	@RestController + Spring Data REST
Rails	Scaffold
FastAPI	없음 (수동 dependency injection)
NestJS	Custom decorator

흔한 함정

관련 위키

• drf-tutorial-quickstart
• drf-request-response
• django-drf-viewset (더 자동화)
• django-drf-permissions
• drf-routers